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Nutrients Nov 2019The average dietary salt (i.e., sodium chloride) intake in Western society is about 10 g per day. This greatly exceeds the lifestyle recommendations by the WHO to limit... (Review)
Review
The average dietary salt (i.e., sodium chloride) intake in Western society is about 10 g per day. This greatly exceeds the lifestyle recommendations by the WHO to limit dietary salt intake to 5 g. There is robust evidence that excess salt intake is associated with deleterious effects including hypertension, kidney damage and adverse cardiovascular health. In patients with chronic kidney disease, moderate reduction of dietary salt intake has important renoprotective effects and positively influences the efficacy of common pharmacological treatment regimens. During the past several years, it has become clear that besides influencing body fluid volume high salt also induces tissue remodelling and activates immune cell homeostasis. The exact pathophysiological pathway in which these salt-induced fluid-independent effects contribute to CKD is not fully elucidated, nonetheless it is clear that inflammation and the development of fibrosis play a major role in the pathogenic mechanisms of renal diseases. This review focuses on body fluid-independent effects of salt contributing to CKD pathogenesis and cardiovascular health. Additionally, the question whether better understanding of these pathophysiological pathways, related to high salt consumption, might identify new potential treatment options will be discussed.
Topics: Body Fluids; Cardiovascular System; Humans; Kidney; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Sodium Chloride, Dietary
PubMed: 31731658
DOI: 10.3390/nu11112779 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have facilitated the forensic analysis of human microbiome. Specific microbial species or communities obtained from the... (Review)
Review
High-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have facilitated the forensic analysis of human microbiome. Specific microbial species or communities obtained from the crime scene provide evidence of human contacts and their body fluids. The microbial community is influenced by geographic, ethnic, lifestyle, and environmental factors such as urbanization. An understanding of the effects of these external stressors on the human microbiome and determination of stable and changing elements are important in selecting appropriate targets for investigation. In this study, the Forensic Microbiome Database (FMD) (http://www.fmd.jcvi.org) containing the microbiome data of various locations in the human body in 35 countries was used. We focused on skin, saliva, vaginal fluid, and stool and found that the microbiome distribution differed according to the body part as well as the geographic location. In the case of skin samples, species were higher than species among Asians compared with Americans. and were specific in the saliva of Koreans and Japanese populations. was found in the vaginal fluids of individuals in all countries, whereas and were endemic to Bolivia and Congo, respectively. This study is the first attempt to collate and describe the observed variation in microbiomes from the forensic microbiome database. As additional microbiome databases are reported by studies worldwide, the diversity of the applications may exceed and expand beyond the initial identification of the host.
Topics: Body Fluids; Female; Forensic Sciences; Geography; Humans; Microbiota; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Saliva; Skin
PubMed: 34458160
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.695191 -
Database : the Journal of Biological... Oct 2021Body fluid proteome has been intensively studied as a primary source for disease biomarker discovery. Using advanced proteomics technologies, early research success has...
Body fluid proteome has been intensively studied as a primary source for disease biomarker discovery. Using advanced proteomics technologies, early research success has resulted in increasingly accumulated proteins detected in different body fluids, among which many are promising biomarkers. However, despite a handful of small-scale and specific data resources, current research is clearly lacking effort compiling published body fluid proteins into a centralized and sustainable repository that can provide users with systematic analytic tools. In this study, we developed a new database of human body fluid proteome (HBFP) that focuses on experimentally validated proteome in 17 types of human body fluids. The current database archives 11 827 unique proteins reported by 164 scientific publications, with a maximal false discovery rate of 0.01 on both the peptide and protein levels since 2001, and enables users to query, analyze and download protein entries with respect to each body fluid. Three unique features of this new system include the following: (i) the protein annotation page includes detailed abundance information based on relative qualitative measures of peptides reported in the original references, (ii) a new score is calculated on each reported protein to indicate the discovery confidence and (iii) HBFP catalogs 7354 proteins with at least two non-nested uniquely mapping peptides of nine amino acids according to the Human Proteome Project Data Interpretation Guidelines, while the remaining 4473 proteins have more than two unique peptides without given sequence information. As an important resource for human protein secretome, we anticipate that this new HBFP database can be a powerful tool that facilitates research in clinical proteomics and biomarker discovery. Database URL: https://bmbl.bmi.osumc.edu/HBFP/.
Topics: Biomarkers; Body Fluids; Databases, Protein; Humans; Proteome; Proteomics; Secretome
PubMed: 34642750
DOI: 10.1093/database/baab065 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2023Non-invasive, rapid, on-site detection and identification of body fluids is highly desired in forensic investigations. The use of fluorescence-based methods for body...
Non-invasive, rapid, on-site detection and identification of body fluids is highly desired in forensic investigations. The use of fluorescence-based methods for body fluid identification, have so far remain relatively unexplored. As such, the fluorescent properties of semen, serum, urine, saliva and fingermarks over time were investigated, by means of fluorescence spectroscopy, to identify specific fluorescent signatures for body fluid identification. The samples were excited at 81 different excitation wavelengths ranging from 200 to 600 nm and for each excitation wavelength the emission was recorded between 220 and 700 nm. Subsequently, the total emitted fluorescence intensities of specific fluorescent signatures in the UV-visible range were summed and principal component analysis was performed to cluster the body fluids. Three combinations of four principal components allowed specific clustering of the body fluids, except for fingermarks. Blind testing showed that 71.4% of the unknown samples could be correctly identified. This pilot study shows that the fluorescent behavior of ageing body fluids can be used as a new non-invasive tool for body fluid identification, which can improve the current guidelines for the detection of body fluids in forensic practice and provide the robustness of methods that rely on fluorescence.
Topics: Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Pilot Projects; Body Fluids; Saliva; Bodily Secretions; Semen; Coloring Agents
PubMed: 36823309
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30241-7 -
The Western Journal of Medicine Oct 1994The body's normal homeostasis is maintained by the integrity of the excretory capacity of the kidneys. In advanced cardiac failure, however, the avidity of the renal... (Review)
Review
The body's normal homeostasis is maintained by the integrity of the excretory capacity of the kidneys. In advanced cardiac failure, however, the avidity of the renal sodium and water retention contributes to the occurrence of pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema. In patients with advanced cirrhosis, the kidneys again fail to excrete the amounts of sodium and water ingested, thus leading to ascites and peripheral edema. The signals for this renal retention of sodium and water in a patient with cirrhosis must be extrarenal because when the same kidneys are transplanted into persons with normal liver function, renal sodium and water retention no longer occurs; rather, the kidneys maintain normal fluid and electrolyte balance. Excessive sodium and water retention by the kidneys also occurs during pregnancy despite a 30% to 50% increase in plasma volume, cardiac output, and glomerular filtration rate. What are the afferent and efferent signals whereby normal kidneys retain sodium and water so that total extracellular, interstitial, and intravascular volumes expand far beyond those limits observed in normal subjects? These dilemmas are the subject of this review, in which a "unifying hypothesis of body fluid volume regulation" is presented.
Topics: Body Fluids; Body Water; Female; Heart Failure; Homeostasis; Humans; Kidney; Liver Cirrhosis; Pregnancy; Sodium
PubMed: 7817551
DOI: No ID Found -
Polish Archives of Internal Medicine Oct 2019The assessment of a patient's body fluid status is a challenging task for modern clinicians. Ultrasonography has numerous advantages, the most important being... (Review)
Review
The assessment of a patient's body fluid status is a challenging task for modern clinicians. Ultrasonography has numerous advantages, the most important being reproducibility and bedside monitoring of the patient. The examination is quick and has a significant diagnostic value. We reviewed the literature to assess the possibility of using ultrasound methods for evaluating body fluid status. The search of PubMed and Medline databases was performed up to February 2019. Data from published reports and clinical observations show that the quick and noninvasive ultrasound examination facilitates the assessment of intravascular volume status and that the results correlate with other modalities, including invasive methods. Ultrasound enables physicians to determine the baseline status of hydration and to monitor the patient during fluid therapy. Additionally, it allows an assessment of asymptomatic patients, patients who are well adapted to chronic oxygen deficiency, and those who develop pulmonary congestion secondary to congestive heart failure or chronic kidney disease. The development of a protocol for an ultrasound assessment of the volume status would significantly facilitate the everyday practice of internal medicine specialists.
Topics: Body Fluids; Heart Failure; Humans; Point-of-Care Testing; Pulmonary Edema; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Reproducibility of Results; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 31479090
DOI: 10.20452/pamw.14962 -
Scientific Reports May 2023Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are currently in the limelight as potential disease biomarkers. The promise of EV-based liquid biopsy resides in the...
Cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are currently in the limelight as potential disease biomarkers. The promise of EV-based liquid biopsy resides in the identification of specific disease-associated EV signatures. Knowing the reference EV profile of a body fluid can facilitate the identification of such disease-associated EV-biomarkers. With this aim, we purified EVs from paired human milk and serum samples and used the MACSPlex bead-based flow-cytometry assay to capture EVs on bead-bound antibodies specific for a certain surface protein, followed by EV detection by the tetraspanins CD9, CD63, and CD81. Using this approach we identified body fluid-specific EV signatures, e.g. breast epithelial cell signatures in milk EVs and platelet signatures in serum EVs, as well as body fluid-specific markers associated to immune cells and stem cells. Interestingly, comparison of pan-tetraspanin detection (simultaneous CD9, CD63 and CD81 detection) and single tetraspanin detection (detection by CD9, CD63 or CD81) also unveiled body fluid-specific tetraspanin distributions on EVs. Moreover, certain EV surface proteins were associated with a specific tetraspanin distribution, which could be indicative of the biogenesis route of this EV subset. Altogether, the identified body fluid-specific EV profiles can contribute to study EV profile deviations in these fluids during disease processes.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Milk; Extracellular Vesicles; Body Fluids; Tetraspanins; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37253799
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35799-w -
Italian Journal of Pediatrics Dec 2010There is a high frequency of diarrhea and vomiting in childhood. As a consequence the focus of the present review is to recognize the different body fluid compartments,... (Review)
Review
There is a high frequency of diarrhea and vomiting in childhood. As a consequence the focus of the present review is to recognize the different body fluid compartments, to clinically assess the degree of dehydration, to know how the equilibrium between extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid is maintained, to calculate the effective blood osmolality and discuss both parenteral fluid maintenance and replacement.
Topics: Body Fluids; Body Water; Dehydration; Diarrhea; Extracellular Fluid; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Hypernatremia; Hyponatremia; Intracellular Fluid; Osmolar Concentration; Severity of Illness Index; Sodium Chloride; Treatment Outcome; Vomiting; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 21144005
DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-36-78 -
Pharmacology Research & Perspectives Jun 2023The optimal starting dose of tolvaptan to effectively improve fluid retention in patients with heart failure (HF) is unknown. This study explored the factors affecting...
The optimal starting dose of tolvaptan to effectively improve fluid retention in patients with heart failure (HF) is unknown. This study explored the factors affecting the pharmacokinetics (PKs) and pharmacodynamics of tolvaptan in patients with decompensated HF. We prospectively enrolled patients who were slated to receive tolvaptan because of volume overload associated with chronic HF. Blood samples were collected to measure tolvaptan concentrations before and 4, 8, 12-15, 24, and 144 h after administration. Additionally, demographic parameters, coadministered drugs, and body fluid composition were evaluated. Multiple regression analysis to detect PK parameters for the prediction of body weight (BW) loss at day 7 after the initiation of tolvaptan treatment and PK analysis to explore the factors affecting the PKs of tolvaptan were performed. In total, 165 blood samples were obtained from 37 patients. The predictors of weight loss on day 7 were area under the curve (AUC ) of tolvaptan. PK analysis of the data revealed a strong correlation between CL/F and Vd/F, but no correlation between CL/F and kel (r = .95 and .06, respectively). A significant correlation was observed between total body fluid and Vd/F, and this correlation remained statistically significant even after adjusting for BW (r = .49, p < .05). Fat was also significantly correlated with Vd/F before adjusting for BW, on the other the correlation disappeared after adjusting BW. The optimal dose of tolvaptan based on total body fluid levels in individual patients could result in the alleviation of fluid retention in patients with HF.
Topics: Humans; Tolvaptan; Antidiuretic Hormone Receptor Antagonists; Benzazepines; Heart Failure; Body Fluids
PubMed: 37102627
DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1088 -
Industrial Health Jul 2006The purposes of this review are to show pathophysiological mechanisms for heat illness during working in a hot environment and accordingly provide some preventive... (Review)
Review
The purposes of this review are to show pathophysiological mechanisms for heat illness during working in a hot environment and accordingly provide some preventive considerations from a viewpoint of body fluid homeostasis. The incidence of the heat illness is closely associated with body temperature regulation, which is much affected by body fluid state in humans. Heat generated by contracting muscles during working increases body temperature, which, in a feedback manner, drives heat-dissipation mechanisms of skin blood flow and sweating to prevent a rise in body temperature. However, the impairment of heat-dissipation mechanisms caused by hard work in hot, humid, and dehydrated conditions accelerates the increase in body temperature, and, if not properly treated, leads to heat illness. First, we overviewed thermoregulation during working (exercising) in a hot environment, describe the effects of dehydration on skin blood flow and sweating, and then explained how they contributes to the progression toward heat illness. Second, we described the advantageous effects of blood volume expansion after heat acclimatization on temperature regulation during exercise as well as those of restitution from dehydration by supplementation of carbohydrate-electrolyte solution. Finally, we described that the deteriorated thermoregulation in the elderly is closely associated with the impaired body fluid regulation and that blood volume expansion by exercise training with protein supplementation improves thermoregulation.
Topics: Body Fluids; Heat Stress Disorders; Homeostasis; Humans; Japan; Occupational Health
PubMed: 16922178
DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.44.345